The following may at some time help in an explanation of the magnetohydrodynamics systems.

QUOTE - A high velocity electrically conductive fluid stream crossing a magnetic field may be regarded as taking the place of the moving conductor of a conventional dynamo.

This quotation outlines the basic elements that are important to the reaction known as magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) reactions.

Further, when a jet of conducting fluid with velocity moves through a magnetic field of flux at right angles to the fields origin, an electron excitation occurs in the conductive element.

Assuming that the working fluid has conductivity, this conductivity is related to the dissolved solids contained in the fluid. (Pure water is an insulator). The relationship of conductivity and velocity relates directly to the electron excitation that occurs in these conductive compounds.

The imbalance of outer valances of atoms make up either positively or negatively charged atoms. Correcting the unbalances, interferes with the ionic bonding that occurs in supersaturated fluids. The electron excitation of the MHD unit creates an environment where atoms of different charges can expel a free electron or absorb a free electron to satisfy its valance unbalance. As a result, the now neutral atom has less affinity to bond ionically than charged atoms. We have not changed the chemical structure of the fluid. We have not removed the contained solids.

What we have accomplished is when dissolved solids in supersaturated fluids precipitate from the fluid, instead of bonding into a crystal of a high physical, such as an ice cube, it forms the same chemical substance but with a low physical such as a snowflake. The physical structure of the snowflake will not support mass or resist flow impact. Therefore, a light powdery film forms. When this film tries to grow deeper, the original bond is not capable of supporting the mass and it drops off and is washed away by the passing fluids.

This outline better explains the principle involved with the Meckling’s MHD unit.

Let’s now explore "particulate matter in suspension". This would normally be recognized as "turbidity" which is important to reactions with old existing scale.

This old scale deposition is formed by ionic bonding. The large crystals lattice structures normally have what is recognized as a low surface charge. Keeping this in mind, let’s step back to where we have fluids with turbidity being forced with velocity through the Meckling’s MHD unit.

These already formed crystals (turbidity), being composed of magnetic domains, could be either paramagnetic or diamagnetic crystal structures. In both cases, they react to intense magnetic fields.

Let’s pose the magnetic field to be vertical. These suspended crystals are in a nondescript pattern. When these enter a magnetic field, an energy is being impressed on them. What their reaction is, they attempt to align with this force field. Consequently, to align they must physically rotate. The viscous nature of the conveying fluid prevents an easy axis rotation. Looking at this crystal structure being tensioned in an attempt to rotate, we can see a distortion occur, this shape being in the form of an "S". This distortion also activates the stressing of the linking of the magnetic domains, compression areas and elongation areas of the crystal surface. This resistant tensioning is called piezoelectric. In some cases, the low physical of these crystals permit them to fracture or break.

Both the distortion and the fracturing causes a change in the state of the surface charge change to a higher potential. It is common knowledge that a small crystal will carry a higher state than a larger crystal.

When this charged particle is carried downstream into the scaled area, it is an unnatural state and wants to return to its original potential. Consequently, as it bounces along the scaled pipe, which has a lower potential, a half charge is transferred by contacts. Looking at this transfer, it would read half charge, contact, half charge, contact, half charge, contact, etc. At this point in time and distance, directly related to deposit condition and velocity of flow, this particle would have lost all its induced charge and returns to its natural state. Or, we could say, the distance affected in a line is directly related to the differences in potentials, velocity of the fluids, and the number of contacts.

Looking at the deposited old scale. Its bonding is ionic, or electron unbalance. By providing the charge of free electrons from the particle, progressively interferes in its bonding. The scale does not go away. Only the physicals related to ionic bonds are affected. What we see is a brown deposit, hard as a rock, change to a brown deposit with a consistency as smooth as peanut butter. At this point, the abrasion of the passing fluids abrades this soft material and it is carried downstream with the passing fluids. If the velocity is maintained, it is carried away. Should the velocity change, to a flow not fast enough to keep moving, it will settle out in sump areas, traps, blowdowns, etc. If this is the case, physically flushing or cleaning of sumps or traps will be required.

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) a well established science was first demonstrated by Faraday in his famous 1839 "London Bridge" experiment. A conducting liquid in motion through a magnetic field will become the seat of an induced current, just as in the case of a solid conductor. The intensity of this current is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field and the speed at which the liquid moves through the field. This effect reaches its maximum with a perpendicular intersection between the lines of force of the magnetic field and the direction of flow of the liquid. When these vectors are parallel, the effect is insignificant.

The effect of this induced current increases molecular and electron agitation and rotation. This higher level of excitation causes changes of various physical parameters, such as viscosity, surface tension, kinetics of crystallization, etc. Both theoretical and practical aspects of this phenomenon have been the subject of basic research in several universities in the U.S. and Japan.

In scaling phenomenon, the prior treatment of the liquid in a magnetic field induces a more amorphous and less coherent precipitate (producing a precipitate of thermodynamically unstable aragonite instead of calcite). Old layers of scale are subjected to the retro-solution effect (as the power of solubility of the treated liquid has been increased), become softer and eventually crumble away. There are no new scale formations because the amorphous precipitate has lost its aptitude to adhere to one another, and is eliminated by the water flow or by programmed blowdowns. The higher conductivity of the liquid (that is the higher the mineralization hence the hardness), the higher the MHD effect.

The MHD units are conceived with a venturi effect in the magnetic gap to increase the velocity of the fluid. Additionally, they are the only units in the industry guaranteeing the right angle intersection. The MHD units high efficiency is underscored by the choice of engineers at Amoco’s largest refinery who ran a conclusive test on cooling towers treated with a MHD unit.